Assignment #7: Zinn Chapter 6 - engine of souls

Date: Oct 1, 2007

Assignment #7: Zinn Chapter 6

Date: Oct 3, 2007

Do you want us to compare all of the points listed, or just one? Also when is it due??

Date: Oct 3, 2007

Erin wrote:

Do you want us to compare all of the points listed, or just one? Also when is it due??

1) Yes. 2) Monday, 10/8

Date: Oct 4, 2007

Thanks for the clarification on that aww

Date: Oct 8, 2007

A. Means by which women came to Colonial America

(Zinn)
In early settlements, women were imported as sex slaves, childbearers, and companions. In one case, 90 women came to Jamestown on one ship, and were sold as wives, "the price to be the cost of ther own transportation."

(Book)
The book fails to provide details of the voyage of women coming to America. It could have left these details out because of the gross conditions, and unfairness that these women encountered when coming to the new world.

B. The unique experiences of indentured women (as distinct from indentured men)

(Zinn)
The women that came to America as indentured servants, "lived lives not much different from slaves, except that the term of service had a end. They were to be obedient to masters and mistresses. Sexual abuse by their masters was common.. They were poorly paid and often treated rudely and harshly, deprived of good food and privacy"

(Book)
"Contrary to English custom, mastesrse often put women sevants to work at the hoe. Sexual abuse was common, and servant women paid dearly for illegitimate pregnancies. The courts fined them heavily and ordered them to serve an extra year or two to repay the time lost during pregnancy." In many cases they would take the children away from their mothers if the pregnancy was illegitimate, and would indenture them out also. "Many servant women accepted the purchase of their indenture by any man who suggested marriage as the best release from this hard life."

c. The different legal status of single and married women in Colonial America

(Zinn)
The husband had main control over his wife in colonial times. He also owned all of her property, "Besides absolute possesion of his wife's personal property and a life estate in her lands, the husband took any other income that might be hers. He collected wages earned by her labor.. Naturally it followed that the proceeds of the joint labor of husband and wife belonged to the husband." Single women who had children were arraigned for crimes.

(Book)
"Securing a divorce was not easy, for most states allowed it only on grounds of adultery, and South Carolina did not permit it at all. Moreover, coverture laws required wives to transfertheir property to their husband, making divorce a risky economic proposition for women."

D. The significance of Anne Hutchinsons story

(Zinn)
Anne was a religious women, put on trial twice, for heresy and by the government for challenging their authority. Anne was the mother of thirteen children, and after one of her trials she was banished from the colony, and when she left for Rhode Island, thirty-five families followed her. Indians whose land has been taken from them killed her and her family. Anne was important because she was one of the few women to particpate in public affairs and stand up and represent something she firmly believed in.

(Book)
Anne Hutchinson lead a movement labeled antinomianism and lead a following that included most of the community's macontents. She doubly offended the male leaders of te colony because she boldly stepped outside the subordinate position expected of women.

E. The role of women in the American Revolution

(Zinn)
"During the revolution, the necessities of war brought women out into public affairs." There was also a counterpart to the Boston Tea Party, a "coffee party." Women seized a merchant and tossed him into a cart when he refused to sell the committee under 6 shillings per pound coffee. Poor women weren't represented as important people in the Revolution such as those who went to army encampments and helped and fought and later made into history as "prostitutes." Whereas Martha Washington simply visited her husband at Valley Forge and was given a special place in history books.

(Book)
As the war progressed, women spoke out publicly and many had a growing desire to to contribute to the Patriot's case." In Phiadelphia, women raise $300,000. The Daughters of Liberty mad new shirts and other items of clothing to help the troops.

F. Abigail Adams

(Zinn)
Abigail Adams wrote to her husband, that if the women were not going to be treated as equals to the men, then they would probably form a rebellion also. She also wrote that if they had no representation or voice, then they would not hold themselves bound to obey the laws.

(Book)
"Abigail Adams urged her husband, John, not to put unlimited powers inoto the hands of husbands." She also warned that all men would be tyrants if they could. John also consulted Abigail on many things.

G. Womens magazines

(Zinn)
Women were urged to be patriotic. "One women's magazine offered a prize to the woman who wrote the best essay on "How May an American Woman Best Show Her Patriostism."

(Book)
"The swelling demand for newspaperes was spurred by rising rates (most notably among women and lower-class men."

H. Cult of true Womanhood (Cult of domesticity)

(Zinn)
The cult of domesticity for the woman was a way of pacyfying her with a doctrine of "separate but equal" - giving her work equally as important as the man's, but separate and different." Also, women didn't choose her mate, and once he marriage took place, her life was determined. Women couldn't vote, own property, her wages were one-fourth to one-half what men earned in the same job. They were also excluded from the professions of law and medicine, from colleges, and from the ministry.

(Book)
I could not find anything in the book on the cult of true womanhood. The book probably did not want to talk about the effects of men in coloinal America and the harsh cruelties women suffered. They were no where as equal as the men and were treated very badly.

I. The reasons women became mill workers

(Zinn)

When Samuel Slater introduced mills in New England ini 1789, there was a demand for young girls to become the spinsters in the new factories. The operatives were 80 to 90 percent women and most of these women were between the ages of 15 and 30.

(Book)
"Lowell's planners, understanding the difficulty of lurig men away from faming, realized dthat they might recruit unmarried women relatively cheaply for a stint in themills. Bu hiring women who would work only until marriage, they hoped to avoid the depraved and depressed workforce so evident in Great Britain."

J. The experiences of women mill workers in the 1830s and 1840

(Zinn)
Women who worked in the mills were awakened at five in the morning, and called into labor, then only half an hour was allowed for dinner, and back to the mills to work till 7 o clock. Oil lamps spoiled their air and particles of cotton were thrown from thousands of cards, spindles, and looms.

(Book)
Work at the mills was exhausting. Six days a week, the workers worked for 12 hours a day. They onlyhad a half hours for breakfast and lunch. The work spaces weren't well ventilated and the windows were often nailed shut.

K. Francis Trollope

(Zinn)
She described the life of an upperclass women in her book Domestic Manners of the Americans. She describes the life as being extremely easy and delightful, "She steps into it, and gives the word: "Drive to the Dorcas Society."

(Book)
Frances Trollope settled in Cncinnati where she opened a lecture hall, had a shop for the sale of fancy goods, and made something of a name for herself. She published Domestic Manners of the Americans in 1832 one of the most acerbic and yet insightful of the many travel accounts penned by foreign visitors to the early republic.

L. Emma Willard

(Zinn)
She adressed the New York legislature in 1819, and told them that the education of women "has been too exclusively directed to fit them for displaying to advantage the charms of youth and beauty." She also founded the Troy Female Seminary, the first recognized institute for the education of girls.

(Book)
There is no information in the book on Emma Willard. Although she was famous for founding this special school she is not recognized in the book for what she had done.

M. Elizabeth Blackwell

(Zinn)
She struggled to enter the all-male professional school, and got her medical degree in 1849 from Geneva College.

(Book)
"In the North, hundreds of omen became military nurses. Under the supervision of Drs. emily and Elizabeth Blackwell; Dorothea Dix, superindentent of army nurses; and Clara Barton, northern women nursed the wounded and dying for low pay or even for none at all.

N. Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

(Zinn)
Lucy Stone was active in the peace society and in antislavery work. She was chosen to write the commencement address and was told it would be read by a man at Oberlin College. She then refused to write it. She went on to lecture on women's rights in a church where her brother was a minister. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton led down plans that led to the first women's Rights Convention in history.

(Book)
In the book, there is no information on Lucy Stone, however there is information on Mott and Stanton and how they drew up a list of women's grievances. Among those most important were the right to vote and the right for married women to control their own property.

O. Sojourner Truth

(Zinn)
She rose to her feet at a meeting at Seneca Falls and gave her famous Ain't I a Woman speech.

(Book)
Truth lectured and wrote journals and slave narratives on the evils of slavery. She also helped organize a National Nergro Convention movement.

P. Sarah and Angelina Grimke

(Zinn)
Angelina and Sarah were sisters. Angelnia was a southern white woman who became a fierce speaker and organizer against slavery. Sarah could write with power and the other sister was a fierce speaker. She once spoke six nights in a row. She was the first woman in 1838 in address a committee of the Massachusetts state legislature on antislavery peditions.

(Book)
Sarah Grimke was often criticized and struck back in 1837 with Letters on the Condition of Women and the Equality of the Sexes. Angelina married Theodore Weld and undertook most of the research and writing for Weld's book attacking American slavery.

Q. Seneca Falls

(Zinn)
In New York, where Cady Stanton lived. Many important women's rights movements were held there.

(Book)
"The Seneca Falls Convention was crucial in neginning the campaign for equal public rights."

Date: Oct 9, 2007

a. - Means by which women came to America

In the Zinn reading it states that women were imported as sex slaves, childbearers, and companions for the men because the very first colonies consisted mainly of men. It also says that they basically sold themselves for a free ride over as servants. The Nash textbook reiterates this and adds that most of the indentured servants were actually men from the ages of 15 to 26 and were part of the lower part of the social ladder.

b. - The unique experiences of indentured women (as distinct from indentured men)

The Zinn text says that most of them were young girls and that they were more like slaves than servants. They had to be obedient to their masters and mistresses. They were poorly paid, worked to the bone, subject to sexual abuse, treated rudely, and were deprived of privacy and good food. What is says in the Nash text is somewhat similar. It states that women werent put to work in the garden or in the fields according to English custom but these women were. It too says that they were subject to sexual abuse and adds that if they illegitimately had a child that would have to make up for time lost by working more years and afterwards their children would be taken from them. Also it says that some women would marry men just to get out of being an indentured servant.

c. - The different legal status of single and married women in Colonial America

What the Zinn text states is that married women husbands' were essentially their masters and took all of their income except for the womans personal belongings and their right to live on their own land. It goes on to say that children born out of wedlock was a crime and that the husbands could chastise them but not so much as to cause permanent damage or death. All women were not allowed to participate in public affairs except in some rare cases. They had a right to run their own shops but usually stayed at home which was thought to be their proper place. Nash states that there were very few single women because a lot of them died from disease and the ones that lived were married almost right away because men were numerous in comparison. It also says that men basically controlled their wives and they had only a couple of rights. One reason single women arent talked about as much, I suspect, is that there were hardly any and the ones that were couldnt do anything significant in terms of politics.

d. - The significance of Anne Hutchinsons story

Zinn says that she was a very religious woman, a mother of 13 children, and was knowledgeable of healing herbs. She knew the Bible very well and eloquently challenged the clergy saying that ordinary people could interpret it for themselves. She was banished from Massachusetts because of this as it was seen as blasphemy. Despite this she moved many people and 35 families left with her. Nash mirrors this sentiment saying that she was a devote and magnetic women who defied the clergymen and the church with her own theology and ideas. She led a band of people who saw her as a type of priest with her when she was banished.

e. The role of women in the American Revolution

On this topic Zinn says that women became more active in public affairs and created patriotic groups who wrote articles for independence and carried out anti-british actions. It also says that women were unfairly portrayed as prostitutes when they simply went to army encampments to help out and fight. Nash similarily says that they joined revolutionary crowds and spoke out publicly to gain patriotic support. It doesn't mention them going to encampments but it does say that they raised money to buy soldiers clothes.

f. Abigail Adams

On Abigail Adams Zinn writes that she was a supporter of women and their rights. She wrote to her husband often to tell him the status of women and what they wanted or needed to influence him and his policies and urged him not to give husbands too much political power less they become tyrants of their own choosing. She also wrote that women would become rebellious if they weren't represented in some way or protected by laws. On the other hand Nash only mentions her famous statement to her husband of "all men would be tyrants if they could".

g. - Womens magazines

Zinn states the women's magazines in the 1800s urged women to be patriotic and even one even held a writing contest on who could write the best essay on "How may an American best show her Patriotism". Reference to these magazines are apparently absent from the Nash text probably because they weren't of that much importance to the writer or they provided little or no information in acquiescence with the material.

h. - Cult of true Womanhood (Cult of domesticity)

Zinn says that this was a way of pacifying women but making their work seem important as mens but different and separate. It says that once a woman was married her fate was essentially sealed because she was tied down with marriage and even more so with kids. This, however, did not cover up the truth that women had few rights but men deliberately put women in one category to blur the lines of class. Nash does but vaguely mention or hint at this cult when mentioning woman were fighting to be equal.

i. - The reasons women became mill workers

Zinn plainly states that women became mill workers because mill owners found great need of them to operate the spinning machinery. Nash delves a little bit deeper on this topic. It states that women joined due to financial problems to help support their family and husband. Also many factory owners wanted to have respectable adult women working instead of children to appear respectable themselves.

j. - The experiences of women mill workers in the 1830s and 1840s

In the Zinn reading it states the harsh and tiresome conditions of women working in mills where they worked from almost dawn till dusk in a bad working environment. It also says they got one hour total for lunch and dinner. Nash also says this and adds that work spaces were noisy, poorly lit, badly ventilated and windows were nailed shut. It states that millwork required women to adapt to new work and living spaces.

k. - Frances Wright

Zinn says that she was an immigrant from Scotland who was a writer, a founder of an utopian community, and a fighter against slavery and for birth control and sexual freedom. She fought for free public education and believed, based on writings of utopian socialist Charles Fourier, that the development of a civilization depended on the progress of women. Nash does not mention in the text and I think that it doesnt because she either had little influence on great reform or that she advocated a form of socialism.

l. - Emma Willard

The Zinn text says she was an advocate for women's rights and believed that religion and reason teach us that men and women are equal and not below them. She also founded the Troy Female Seminary in 1821 which was the first recognized institution of education for girls but it upset many of the parents when they found out the text showed the human anatomy. The Nash text does not mention her and a possible reason for her omission is that the writer decided she was not important enough to be included.

m. - Elizabeth Blackwell

Zinn states that she was the first female to be admitted to an all-male college, GenevaCollege, and in 1849 received her medical degree. After this she also set up a place in which poor women could consult a physician of their own gender. Nash briefly mentions her stating that she and Emily supervised the military nurses employed in the North during the civil war.

n. - Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

Zinn states that Lucy Stone was an advocate for peace and antislavery, she taught colored people, and that she started a debating club for girls in OberlinCollege. She was a marvelous speaker but was often harassed. When she got married she kept her last name and consequently the government took all her household goods. The Zinn text continues and says that Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott met at the World Anti-Slavery Society Convention in the 1840s and began to plan the first Womens Rights Convention. It was to be held in Seneca Falls, New York. In the Nash text it says the same things about Stanton and Mott. In addition it says that at the meetings end they drew up a list of womens grievances, the main one being the right to vote, and a list of resolutions for them. They campaigned for this throughout the 1850's by meeting in annual conventions until in 1920 the 19^th amendment was passed. Lucy Stone is omitted from the text, I believe, because she was a kind of minor character in history.

o. Sojourner Truth

Zinn says that she was a New York born slave who was a powerful speaker of women's rights. In an 1851 womens convention after some male ministers spoke she stood up and gave her "And aint I a woman" speech. Nash also says this and adds that she wrote and spoke on the evils of slavery.

p. Sarah and Angelina Grimke

Zinn states that Angelina was a fierce speaker and organizer against slavery and thus attracted large crowds. Her sister Sarah was a powerful writer and thought that womens education was terribly deficient and believed that if something is morally right for a man to do then it is the same for a woman. In the Nash text it says that they were quaker sisters from the south who spoke out against slavery. It mentions Angelina married Theodore Weld to show she could be a good wife and mother. She stopped speaking in public but her sister Sarah continued and wrote that the clergy men interpreted falsely when they tried to prove that the bible said women were inferior.

q. Seneca Falls

The Zinn text says that the first Women's Rights convention in history was held here and that 300 women and some men came. A declaration of principles was signed at the end of the meeting and it listed grievances against women and then the resolutions. This convention started various others around the country. Nash states that it was founded by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott and that it was one of the most significant protest gatherings of the antebellum era.

Date: Oct 9, 2007

a. Means by which women came to Colonial America,
Zinn: The bold statement that Zinn makes is that the women were largely imported to America to be sex slaves and child bearers to the completely male inhabited colonies.
Book: (Only describes the migration of men to Colonial America).
b. The unique experiences of indentured women (as distinct from indentured men),
Zinn: Indentured women on top of being treated like a slave (like any indentured servant) they had the added exploitation of sexual abuse which was quite common.
Book: the book shows a similar yet crueler picture of indentured women. Many of them would be sexually abused and if they had an illegitimate child the courts would fine them 2-3 more years of service and the child would be taken away to be indentured at an early age.
c. The different legal status of single and married women in Colonial America,
Zinn: Married women were thought of as servants or lower beings to their husbands who basically controlled their lives and who under the law was even given the right to chastise his wife. For unmarried women having a child outside of wedlock was a crime for which the father had no ties to, under colonial law.
Book:
d. The significance of Anne Hutchinsons story,
Zinn: Even being very ill and interrogated for days Hutchinson still displayed an expert knowledge of bible and spoke eloquently. She later repented in writing but was still exiled with 38 families following her.
Book: Her teachings were mainly followed by the colonys malcontents. She often offended men by stepping out of her subordinate position and was banished from colony for being an unrelenting seditious influence.
e. The role of women in the American Revolution,
Zinn: Women were brought out into public affairs (formed patriotic groups, wrote articles for Independence, Coffee Party Incident).
Book: Men believed Women should be excluded from public affairs. The book seems to suggest that women did do some things to aid Independence but were largely cut down by the dominat male population.
f. Abigail Adams,
Zinn: Abigail Adams according to Zinn was given more credit and praise than the working class women of her day, praised genteel wives of leaders while describing the lower class women as prostitutes.
Book: urged her husband not to put unlimited power in the hands of men, John consulted his wife but soon after he refused to listen to her.
g. Womens magazines,
Zinn: Amelia Bloomer- Suggested to women to wear a kind of short skirt and pants to steer away from encumbrances of traditional dress.
Book: Many women trying to do their part in the Revolution published Patriotic articles and essays in opposition to the idea of the womans place and hidden from view kind of attitude.
h. Cult of true Womanhood (Cult of domesticity),
Zinn: Women did not choose their husbands and after marriage life was determined, held back by inability to vote and own property, lower wages, and exclusion from professions in law, medicine, and ministry.
Book: (I could find no mention of cult of true womanhood)
i. The reasons women became mill workers,

j. The experiences of women mill workers in the 1830s and 1840s,
Zinn: Women earned only about 37-25 cents for working 12-16 hour days, the appalling conditions caused many women to go on strike, and the air was full of cotton fibers causing white lung and other illnesses.
Book: Sees the textile mills in a positive way by saying Americans were decked out in more colorful clothing.
k. Francis Wright,
Zinn: Founded a utopian community, staunch abolitionist and also believed in free love and birth control.
Book: Called herself a Christian socialist and believed in applying the ethical principles of Jesus to economic life.
l. Emma Willard,
Zinn: Stated that women are Primary existamces not satellites of men., founded Troy Female seminary to educate women, upset many of her students by teaching them about the human body.
Book: (no mention of Emma Willard)
m. Elizabeth Blackwell,
Zinn: Attained her medical degree from Geneva College after overcoming many rebuffs, describes her first consultation as odd because the consulting doctor was perplexed in consulting with a female physician.
Book: She supervised hundreds of military nurses, attempted to improve hospital conditions by attacking red tape and bureaucracy.
n. Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton,
Zinn: Elizabeth Cady Stanton said resentfully A women is nobody, a wife is everything. describing the condition of the subjugated housewife. Mott and Stanton met at the World anti-slavery convention in London and began to lay plans that led to the first womens rights convention in history.
Book: When Mott and Stanton attended the anti-slavery convention in London they had to sit behind the curtains and were forbidden to speak. Once back the U.S. they began to form a society to advocate the rights of women.
o. Sojourner Truth,
Zinn: Attending a Womens Rights Convention following the Seneca falls convention Truth made a powerful speech on behalf on the indignation of her race and the indignation of her sex. repeating the phrase And ant I a women?
Book: Truth stood up at a Womens rights convention in Akron, Ohio and despite the clergymen heckling her she gave one of the boldest statements for minority rights.. Her speech was full of powerful statements like If the first woman God ever made (could) turn the world upside down these women(can) get it right side up again. which silenced the hecklers.
p. Sarah and Angelina Grimke,
Zinn: Angelina Grinke A Southern white women who became a fierce speaker and organizer against slavery who also supported the womens rights movement wrote this it will be a matter to take millions of females off their knees and set them on their feet.
Sara Grimke another member of the Womens rights movements wrote To me it is perfectly clear that whatsoever is morally right for a man to do, it is morally right for a woman to do.
q. Seneca Falls.
Zinn: Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton organized the meeting of 300 women at Seneca Falls to discuss the issues concerning the oppressive and subjective manner that they were being treated by the male dominated society. At the end of the convention the women created a Declaration of Principles which was reminiscent of Thomas Jeffersons words of 1776.
Book: When Stanton and Mott returned from the World anti-slavery convention they organized a convention of 300 women which fulfilled their intentions in one of the most significant gatherings in antebellum history.

Date: Oct 10, 2007

a. Means by which women came to Colonial AmericaZinn: During this time, women were imported as sex slaves, child bearers, and companions. Zinn also states that in 1619 when the first slave ships reached Jamestown, ninety women aboard. These women were sold to settlers as wives to pay for their voyage. Textbook: The book skipped this topic. The writers probably thought the details were to explicit to write about and publish in the book.

b. The unique experiences of indentured women (as distinct from indentured men)Zinn: Most of the indentured (women) servants were teenage girls who were mistreated and sexually abuse. These girls were robbed of basic necessities that people take for granted such as good food and privacy. Textbook: The book states that the masters put woman to work at the hoe. Also in the book like Zinn stated was the topic sexual abuse. The courts made woman who became pregnant to serve and extra year or two of work to repay the time lost during the pregnancy and child birth. Many females accepted the purchase of their indenture by a man who wanted to get married because they got to escape the trouble of working.

c. The different legal status of single and married women in Colonial America Zinn:Women who were not married in Colonial were nothing. They were looked upon as if they were less than dirt. Married woman had a little advantage of those who werent, which was they were looked upon as misfits to society. In the relationship men were superior; they had complete control over their wives. He owned her and all her belongings, she was his property. He got her money and made all the decisions. Textbook:The book basically states similar information as Zinn wrote about. Men were superior, that women are weak and live for and through their husbands and fathers. Without them they are nothing which why single women were looked upon as if they were less than human.

d. The significance of Anne Hutchinsons story Zinn:Anne was put on trial because she thought she could interpret the bible. This story is significant because when Anne was put on trial even she spoke and wrote eloquently the men still thought she was stupid because she was a female. Eventually she was banished from the colonies but changed peoples thoughts on this topic because thirty- eight families followed her. Textbook: Says that Anne started a movement called antinomianism. Antinomianism stressed the mystical nature of gods gift of grace while discounting the efforts the individual could make to gain salvation. This movement she started was not accepted in the colony, she then was banished. e. The role of women in the American Revolution Zinn:During the American Revolution women came out to public affairs. They formed their own patriotic groups that carried out Anti-British actions, and wrote articles for independence. The woman also had a coffee party which was a rebellion like the mens tea party. The working class women were ignored, but Marsha Washington and other wives became famous during this time, for just showing interest in the Revolution. Textbook: The book says the women were excluded from public affairs, thought they were mixed in some revolutionary crowds and political activities. Women couldnt vote or hold a place in the public office, so sometimes it was difficult for them to mingle and join in with the political activities.

f. Abigail Adams Zinn:Abigail Adams had some status to speak freely. She wrote to her husband before the Declaration of Independence was written. She said that husbands should not get unlimited power, because all men could become tyrants. So the phrase all men are created equal was written but at that time it was such a lie. There were still slaves and they completely ignored woman it should have been written like this all people are created equal. Textbook: Said the same thing that Zinn did. That Abigail Adams had some status to speak freely, and she wrote to her husband before the Declaration of Independence was written. She said that husbands should not get unlimited power, because all men could become tyrants. So the phrase all men are created equal was written but at that time it was such a lie. There were still slaves and they completely ignored woman it should have been written like this all people are created equal. g. Womens magazines Zinn: This magazine was a way for women to express themselves patriotically which they did. There was even a prize for the women who wrote best article, as a way to motivate them. Textbook:Just says it was a way for women at that time to come together, bond and share ideas. h. Cult of true Womanhood (Cult of domesticity)Zinn:The cult of domesticity basically was about equality how woman should be "separate but equal" She should be able to have work that has equal importance to that of a man but it should be separate and different. Women should be able to choose the partner that they are going to spend the rest of their life with. Also after the marriage women should be able to determine how her life is going to be. Females should have the right to vote, get paid just as much as men, and own property. They also shouldnt be excluded from colleges and the law and medical fields. Textbook:Didnt really talk about this topic in detail. I couldnt even find a place in the book where they mentioned it.

i. The reasons women became mill workers Zinn: In 1789 in New England, Samuel Slater introduced an industrial spinning machine that need spinster or woman to work them. The factories demand women mill workers. Textbook: The book describes the women mill workers were underpaid but worked because the demand was so high j. The experiences of women mill workers in the 1830s and 1840s Zinn: The experiences of women mill workers werent good, they worked in horrible conditions, had 12 hour shifts, small breaks in between. All these factors contributed to strikes throughout the area in several mills. The woman also were underpaid, they were paid less than 37 cents an hour. Textbook: wage cuts, long hours, increased workloads, and production speedups all caused the women to go on strike and to develop a union that will represent them.

k. Francis Wright Zinn: Francis was born in Scotland. She was a feminist and an abolitionist. She believed in an equal education between the sexes. Textbook: I could not find Mrs. Wright in the text, I suppose her impact wasnt a large therefore it was not in the book.

l. Emma Willard Zinn: Emma was a womans right advocate. She founded the first women's school of higher education, which is named after her. Shebelieved in equality between the sexes.

Textbook: I could not find Emma Willard in the book, maybe because what she did was not significant enough to have in the book. m. Elizabeth Blackwell Zinn:Blackwell was tutored because her dad believed that his daughters should get the same education as boys so he had his daughters tutored. Desiring to apply herself to the practice of medicine she took up residence in a physician's household, using her time there to study from the family's medical library. Blackwell was also and abolitiionist. She attended Geneva college, where she graduated top of her class. She is the first woman to earn a medical degree in the United States. She created her own institutions because she couldnt get hired because she was a woman. Textbook: The book talks about how she trained nurses for the military. She was a leader and a fighter, she never gave up on her dream, although to many it seemed impossible at that time.

n. Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Zinn: Lucy was a prominent American suffragist. She kept her maiden name event though she wed Mr. Blackwell. She was the first woman in Massachusetts to earn a college degree. She attended OberlinCollege in Ohio. Oberlin was the first college to accept both women and African Americans. Women and African Americans were not allowed to make public address or speeches rather at the school. Lucretia Mott was a minister, abolitionist, social reformer and an activist for womens rights. Mott is known as the first American feminist in the early 1800s. Lucretia got involved in the womens rights when she discovered that male teachers at the school she worked made twice as much as the females did. Lucretia became known for her speeches against slavery in Philadelphia. Elizabeth Cady Stanton was an american social activist and an important figure in the early womans movement. She presented the Declaration of Sentiments at the first womens rights convention which was the Seneca Falls Convention.

Textbook: In the book, Stone is not mentioned. Mott and Stanton are mentioned about in the book. Basically the textbook just talks about how they made up a list of womens grievances.

o. Sojourner TruthZinn: Sojourner attended the Seneca Falls convention, where she stood up and spoke. This was not common at this time because of her appearance. Sojourner was a six foot tall African- American woman. She spoke about equality basically. Textbook: The textbook basically says that Sojourner was a former slave; she then became an abolitionist who wrote and spoke about the cruelties of slavery.

p. Sarah and Angelina Grimke Zinn: Sarah and Angelina Grimke were sisters. They worked off each others strengths to make a difference at that time. Angelina was a great speaker while Sarah was a good writer. Textbook: The book said that the sisters made a difference, but they were criticized often. q. Seneca FallsZinn: This was an important place where many things happened, such as womans rights movements. Textbook: The Seneca Falls Convention was a place where people came together to change the America at this time.

Date: Oct 10, 2007

Assignment #7: Zinn Chapter 6

Zinns account relative to women in American history differ from the standard American history textbook. He even tells us that the standard textbooks have basically forgotten half of the population of this country. This is very true as the majority of information in the standard textbook is really all about the men.

a.) Means by which women came to Colonial America.

Zinn tells us that many women came to this country as sex slaves, companions and as indentured servants. He tells us that many of the women came her voluntarily just for the cost of their passage. The reason for the women being brought here as sex slaves, companions and child bearers was due to the fact that there was a surplus of men in the colonies. The textbook tells us about the surplus of men in the colonies but does not give us details of women being used as sex slaves. The textbook tells us that many European women came to America as indentured servants and as slaves from Africa and also explains the difficult journey and conditions on the passage over here. The textbook also tells us that women in the colonies did not stay single for very long due to the small number of women and the very large number of men.

b.)The unique experience of indentured women (as distinct from indentured men).

Zinn writes that as indentured servants that women were treated as slaves and that the only difference between the female indentured servant and a slave was that her term of service had an end date. They were used as sex slaves, they were treated very poorly and were deprived privacy and good food. The textbook gives us basically the same information on this subject. The book explains that these women had to work under poor conditions for long hours and that they were subject to sexual abuse. The book also tells us that if the woman had an illegitimate child that she was fined and that she had to continue in service beyond her original end date and that her child would be taken from her.

c.)The different legal status of single and married women in Colonial America.

Zinn tells us that the married woman was an extension of her husband. The husband ruled her totally and everything that she owned belonged to her husband. The husband had total power over the wife and he could chastise her. About the only thing that he couldnt do was to cause her death. Zinn also tells us that single women who had children out of wedlock were charged with a crime. Women were not allowed to participate in public affairs either except under rare circumstances. The textbook describes the idea of husband and wife came to the colonies from England and that the man was considered superior and the woman inferior. The people of England believed that this was Gods design. The textbook tells us that it was very rare for a woman to be single very long due to the shortage of women as compared to the number of men in this country. Even widows were not single for very long.

d.) The significance of Anne Hutchinsons story.

Zinn tells us that Anne Hutchinson was a religious woman, mother of 13 children and that she was very knowledgeable in the art of herbs. She defied the church fathers when she insisted that ordinary people could interpret the Bible for themselves. She was eventually banned from the Massachusetts colony and when she left 35 families followed her. The textbook gives a similar account and calls Hutchinson a devoted woman with her own theology. The book describes how the church fathers were outraged by her beliefs and teachings and that she was banned from the colony. The book also agrees with Zinn, and tells us that a group of people who saw her as a priest followed her.

e.) The role of women in the American Revolution.

Zinn tells us that women during the American Revolution formed patriotic groups and carried out anti British actions. Women wrote articles for independence and went to army encampments to help out but these women were later regarded as prostitutes. Zinn also tells us about a group of women who organized a coffee party as a protest. The textbook does not mention this coffee party but does tell us that women did speak out publicly. I did not see any mention of women going to the encampment but the textbook does tell us that women did help the cause by raising money and by making clothing such as shirts for the troops.

f.) Abigail Adams.

Zinn tells us that Abigail Adams was one of the patriotic women during the Revolution and that she shared many of her thoughts with her husband. She supported womens rights and she pleaded with her husband not to give husbands too much political power as they may become tyrants. She also told him that women may become rebellious. The Textbook tells us that John often consulted Abigail on political issues and the book tells us that she did ask her husband not to give too much power to husbands or they may become tyrants.

g.) Womens magazines.

Zinn writes that women were urged to be patriotic and one magazine even offered a prize to the woman who wrote the best essay on How may an American woman show her patriotism. I did not see anything in the standard textbook that mentioned womens magazines. I believe that this information is missing from the standard textbook because it is not considered to be important to the description of the history of this time period.

h.) Cult of true Womanhood (Cult of domesticity).

Zinn describes the cult of domesticity as a mean of pacifying women and leading them to believe that their work was important too. The cult of domesticity made women believe that they had a special purpose in life. By placing women in this category a class by sex was created and the lines of class were blurred. The textbook does not specifically mention anything about the cult of domesticity but it does mention that women have a lower status than men and that they have limited rights.

i.) The reasons that women became mill workers.

Zinn writes that the introduction of new machinery and the growth of textile factories to turn cotton fiber into cloth created the need for women mill workers. The book tells us that women were lured to the mills due to financial problems and also that women were targeted to work in the factories because the men already had jobs as farmers or craftsmen.

j.) The experience of mill workers in the 1830s and 1840s.

The Zinn account is that women were severely underpaid, usually around 25 cents a day for working from 5am to 7pm . The workers were given one hour for take care of personal needs such as toileting and eating. The working conditions were poor as they had to work in a room with oil lamps with bad air that was shared with 40 to 80 people. In addition to this there was cotton particles in the air. The textbook description is similar it describes the working conditions in the mills as noisy, poorly lit with bad ventilation.

k.) Francis Wright.

Zinn describes her as a writer and founder of a utopian community. She fought against slavery and in favor of birth control and sexual freedom. She believed in free public education and believed in the writings of the socialist Charles Fourier. She also believed that the women would play a major part in a civilized society. The textbook does not mention Francis Wright and I suspect that this is because her role in history is not as seen as significant enough to be contained in standard American history textbooks.

l.) Emma Willard.

Zinn tells us that this woman founded the Troy Female Seminary, the first recognized educational institution for girls. One of the things that she taught at her school was about the human body of the women and many of the girls mothers were very upset with this. They were so upset that they covered the pages in the book that displayed the female body. The textbook does not mention Emma Willard despite the fact that she opened the first school for girls. This is probably not seen as especially important and therefore was left out of the text.

m.) Elizabeth Blackwell.

Zinn tells us that she received her medical degree in 1849 after overcoming many rebuffs to enter GenevaCollege. When she completed her studies she started a Dispensary for women and children in New York so that poor women could have the opportunity to consult with a physician for their own sex. The textbook mentions her as someone who oversees the northern army nurses during the Civil War.

n.) Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton.

Zinn describes Lucy Stone as a lecturer on womens rights. She married Henry Blackwell and wrote her own vows to include a promise of voluntary obedience. She was one of the first not to give up her own name after marriage. She refused to pay taxes because she was not represented in the government. Zinn describes Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott as laying the plans for the first Womens Rights Convention in history that was held at Seneca Falls in New York. The textbook does mention Stanton and Mott and talks about their organizing the Womans Rights Convention and that at the convention they drew up a list of womans grievances with the most critical on being the right to vote. The textbook does not mention Lucy Stone most likely because she is not as well known as Stanton and Mott for her work to improve womens rights.

o.) Sojourner Truth.

Zinn tells us that Sojourner Truth attended the convention at Seneca Falls in 1851 and that she was an aged black woman, a former slave who rose to her feet and gave a very inspirational speech about the indignation of her race and sex called ant I woman. The textbook does not mention her speech but does tell us that she was a former slave who became an abolitionist.

p.) Sarah and Angelina Grimke.

Zinn tells us that they were sisters and that they complemented each other. Sarah was a good writer and Angelina was a good speaker. They were against slavery and in favor of womens rights. The textbook tells us that Angelina stopped speaking in public after she married. More is written about Sarah and the act that she did continue to write. She wrote Letters on the Condition or Women and the Equality of Sexes.

q.) Seneca Falls.

Zinn tells us that a convention was held at Seneca Falls to discuss the rights of women. At the convention a Declaration of Principles was signed by 68 women and 32 men. In addition a list of grievances was made with a series of resolutions. The textbook mentions the convention at Seneca Falls and tells us that it was organized by Elizabeth Cady Stanton and Lucretia Mott and describes it as the most significant gathering of the antebellum history.

Date: Oct 10, 2007

A) Means by which women came to America: Zinn: Zinn reveals that many women came to America, as sex slaves, child bearers, and companions rather than to live on their own. He also states that many people were brought to America simply to be married off and start families. Book: The book failed to mention the voyage and the treatment women received coming to America. I think the reason they omitted it was due to the nature in which women were treated. Since it was so terrible they left it out of the text. B) Experiences of indentured women: Zinn: In Zinns chapter he discloses the brutality women faced as indentured servants. He refers to their time spent as an indentured servant as a time of slavery, and the only difference was that they were eventually released. He also states that the women endured sexual abuse, poor pay, and backbreaking work. Book: The textbook also mentions what the women had to go through. The book even mentions that some women were willing to agree to marry a man that wanted to pay for their release just so that they could escape servitude. C) The different legal status of single and married women in Colonial America: Zinn: The Zinn text stated that married women were essentially the property of their husbands and that whatever they earned goes to him including the majority of her possessions. Single women were outcasts and if they had children out of wedlock they could have been tried for bastardry in colonial courts. Book: The book also references to the inequality treated to women at the time period. They go on to restate things that Zinn talked about when he mentioned the unfair treatment placed upon women in general in that time period. D) The significance of Anne Hutchinsons story: Zinn: Anne Hutchinson was tried as a heretic in the colonies for trying to prove that she and other ordinary people could interpret the Bible on their own. She was then later tried for going against the government and was subsequently banished from the Massachusetts Bay Colony. Many men in that time period would not put up with a woman trying to stand up for what she believed in. At that point in time it was unheard of that a woman even attempt to voice her opinions. Book: The book reiterates what Zinns chapter said about the significance of Anne Hutchinson but it goes into deeper detail on the trial and excommunication than Zinn did. E) The role of women in the American Revolution: Zinn: The Zinn chapter stated that many women devoted a large portion of their lives to the cause of American independence. He goes on to say that many women helped with boycotts, carrying out anti-British actions, and writing material on independence. However according to Zinn only women whose husbands had notoriety received any good feedback on their efforts, other working class women who were in army camps were regarded to as prostitutes. Book: The book details the work of the women on the social and political issues of that time period but it doesnt mention the difference in recognition of the lower class and upper class women who played a role in the issues. F) Abigail Adams: Zinn: Zinn details the accounts of Abigail Adams letters to her husband asking him to not give the men too much power and to entrust some of it to women. Book: The book misconstrues many of Abigails statements to be Anti-men, seeing as how in the past many had also done so. G) Womens Magazines: Zinn: According to Zinn womens magazines grew popular during the Revolutionary Era. They urged colonial women to become more Patriotic. Book: The book mentioned very little on the topic of womens magazines. They probably werent relevant to the information in that section. H) Cult of true Womanhood (Cult of Domesticity) Zinn: In Zinns chapter he addresses the Cult of Domesticity as a tactic to pacify women and it instituted a separate but equal clause that stated a womans work was as important as a man but that it was different in its purpose and uses. However even if women were allowed to work they earned as little as a fourth of what the men who did the same jobs made. They were also not allowed in the fields of medicine and law. Book: The book discusses the topics such as the Cult of Domesticity itself, and the separate but equal issues that were mentioned in Zinns chapter. I) The reasons women became mill workers: Zinn: The reasons that Zinn stated, for women becoming mill workers was simply that there was a demand for young women to work in textile mills. Book: The book goes into depth more when it talks about the families of the young women sending them to work due to financial constraints. Not only the families of the girls sent them but they also tended to work at mills to support their husbands and children as well. J) The experiences of women mill workers in the 1830s and 1840s: Zinn: Zinn discusses the harsh conditions in the mills during that time period. The women were forced to work long hours for extremely little pay and they werent allowed more than an hour for things such as breaks for the bathroom, lunch, etc. Book: The book adds that the work was dangerous and that the rooms where they were kept were poorly lit and ventilated. K) Frances Wright Zinn: Zinn states in his chapter that Frances Wright was a writer, and founder of a utopian community. He talks about her role in promoting birth control, sexual freedom, and emancipation for all slaves. Wright agreed with the French perspective on equality and felt that civilization depended on the involvement of women. She also wished to provide free boarding school educations to all children over the age of two years old. Book: I was unable to find anything about her in the text. It may have been because she wasnt successful in her reforms or that they felt she wasnt as important to the womens rights movement. L) Emma Willard Zinn: According to Zinn Emma Willard wanted to reform womens education. She felt that the educatory system was only based towards mens beliefs on how girls should be educated. She also founded the Troy Female Seminary, however as she tried to teach anatomy parents were outraged that they showed pictures of the human body. Book: I unable to find anything on Emma Willard. It is probably for the same reasons why I couldnt find any information in the text on Frances Wright. M) Elizabeth Blackwell: Zinn: Zinn reveals the truth about Elizabeth Blackwells attempt to be accepted in a profession that only men were allowed to be a part of. Blackwell received her medical degree from Geneva College in 1849. With her degree in medicine she established the New York Dispensary for Poor Women and Children. Book: The book discusses Elizabeth Blackwells association with many other women reformers such as Dorothea Dic, Clara Barton and her sister Emily Blackwell. N) Lucy Stone, Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton Zinn: In this chapter Zinn states the roles that these women played in the Womens rights movement. Lucy Stone was the first woman to refuse to take on her husbands last name. She also refused to pay taxes because she felt that she was not adequately represented in the government and therefore didnt feel she should have to pay for it. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Cady Stanton collaborated on the first ever Womens Rights Convention in Seneca Falls. Book: The book reiterates the roles of Mott and Stanton but they did not include Stone as a key reformer of Womens Rights. O) Sojourner Truth Zinn: Zinn talks about how Sojourner Truth was born a slave in New York, and later attended the Seneca Falls Convention. It was at the convention that she gave her famous And Aint I a Woman speech. Book: The book delves deeper into her past and talks about how she informed people of the horrors of slavery and what she had to go through as a slave. P) Sarah and Angelina Grimke Zinn: Zinns chapter mentions how Sarah and Angelina Grimke (both southern, white women) spoke out against slavery in general. It also mentions how they worked as a team since Sarah was a better writer and Angelina was able to speak well in front of audiences and that she was the first woman to address the Massachusetts state legislature. Not only did they speak out against slavery but they also worked with other women reformers to try and reform education for women. Book: The book goes into their background more and doesnt necessarily address all of the positive things they accomplished as well as Zinn did. Q) Seneca Falls Zinn: According to Zinn Sceneca Falls was the first Womens Rights Convention and was held in New York. At the convention they drafted a Declaration of Principles and it was signed by 68 women and 32 men. Book: The book regards it as one of the turning points of the Womens Rights movement and one of the biggest gatherings of the time period.

Date: Oct 14, 2007

By not doing this assignment, and some of the others on this forum, many of you are accumulating 'zeroes', and that is not good for your averages. Let me know if you need any specific help, and its yours. Ignoring assigned AP work is not a good practice. cry

Date: Oct 28, 2007

a. Means by which women came to Colonial America

In the zinn it says that women were compared to black slaves. At first America consisted of only men. Women were sent there as sex slaves, childbarers, and companions. They were sent to Jamestown in 1619, the same year that the first black slaves were sent to Virginia. The book doesnt mention why women came to Colonial America. They may have excluded it because of the way the women were looked on as.

b. The unique experiences of indentured women (as distinct from indentured men)

In the zinn it says that indentured women were treated rudely, deprived of good food, and poorly paid. They were very unhappy with the conditions and some women rebelled. For example, it states that a woman named Susan C was sent to the house of corrections for rebellious carriage towards her mistress. One women had to give birth to a child while chained to corpses. Another was always followed by her master and reminded she belonged to him. In the book it stated that sexual abuse was very common and for illegitimate pregnancies women were fined heavily and sometimes ordered to serve an extra year or two, and their children were taken from them to be indentured themselves even at a young age. Women would take any offer of marriage because they thought it was the best way to escape their hard life.

c. The different legal status of single and married women in Colonial America

In the zinn it says that woman were also bought as wives instead of slaves. Sickness and childbirth made them unhealthy and only a few made it through the voyage. Married womens legal status was that the man had power over them, though they could not inflict permanent injury or death upon them. Her husband also took any income that she brought in. If a single woman had a child it was looked on as a crime. In the book it says that divorce was hard to secure.

d. The significance of Anne Hutchinsons story

In the zinn it says that Anne Hutchinson was a religious woman. She had thirteen children and knew a lot about healing herbs. In the early years of the Massachusetts Bay Colony, she went against the churchs fathers and argued her point that she and others should be able to interpret the Bible for themselves. She was put on trial twice for this act. While on trial she was pregnant and sick but they didnt let her sit down until she almost collapsed. In 1638 she was banished from the colony and 35 families followed her. When she went to Long Island the Indians thought that she was there enemy and killed her and her family. Her story showed courage and showed woman that they should not be silenced. In the book it repeats her story and tells how she bean leading a movement labeled aninomianism.

e. The role of women in the American Revolution

In the zinn it says the American Revolution brought women into the public view. The formed Patriotic groups, carried out anti-British actions, and wrote articles for Independence. The book states that men thought that women shouldnt be included in public events. When infact, women played a very important role in the Revolution and helped gain independence.

f. Abigail Adams

In the zinn it says that Abigail Adams was an active participant in the American Revolution. She was a John Adams wife and took a lot of interest in the revolution. She took part in a revolt against a coffee shop owner who sold his items at an unfair price. He refused to give them the keys to his shop and so they tossed him into the cart they had been wheeling up and down the street. Eventually he gave them the keys. She was influenced the Revolution with her courage. In the book it mentions that John consulted his wife on many subjects and she urged him not to put all of the power into the hands of men because she thought that all men would be tyrants if they could.

g. Womens magazines

In the zinn it says that 1850s a writer named Amelia Bloomer suggested that women wear a short skirt or pants to have some freedom in what they wear. The idea was very popular. Women where thought to keep a happy home and were not encouraged to read. Womens magazines were created soon after. The book has no information on womens magazines that I could find. They may not have added this because they didnt think it was essential to learn.

h. Cult of true Womanhood (Cult of domesticity)

In the zinn it says that for a women it was a way of giving her work that was separate but equal to a mans. This didnt erase the fact that women could not choose there mates and that once she was married there was no way out of it. It also didnt give them the right to vote, they could not own property, it didnt raise their wages to be equal to a mans, and women were excluded from jobs in the law and medical fields. The book doesnt not give any information on this subject. It does however mention that women were fighting to be looked at as equals to the men.

i. The reasons women became mill workers

In the zinn it says that the spinning mills were doubling and they was a high demand for workers. 80- 90% of those workers were women. In the book it tells about how the demand for workers in the mill was very high and that the women were anxious to it jobs and earn money for themselves.

j. The experiences of women mill workers in the 1830s and 1840s

In the zinn it says that industrial strikes took place during this time period. They got very low wages even though there days were long and strenuous. At one occurrence, a girl was fired and many others girls left too. The women would sometimes get violent during the strikes and throw sticks and stones to break into the mills. In the book it tells about the workers living conditions, which were not very comfortable, they had to share their living quarters with a lot of other workers and they were very squished. There food was not good quality and there wages were not as high as they should have been.

k. Francis Wright

In the zinn it says that she was a writer, she founded a utopian community, she was an immigrant from Scotland in 1824, she was a fighter for emancipation of slaves and for birth control and sexual freedom. She also wanted free public education for anyone 2 years and older. She isnt mentioned in the book.

l. Emma Willard

In the zinn it states that in 1819 Emma Willard addressed the New York legislature about how important the education of women was. She said that the taste of men, whatever it may happen to be, has been made into standard for the formation of the female character. She also founded the Troy Female Seminary, the first recognized institution for girls. She was not mentioned in the book.

m. Elizabeth Blackwell

In the zinn it mentions that Elizabeth got her medical degree in 1849 at Geneva Collage. She also set up a New York Dispensary for Poor Women and Children. This gave women a chance to see a doctor of the same sex. In the book she is briefly mentioned as a doctor who is supervisior of practicing nurses and doctors.

n. Lucy Stone , Lucretia Mott, Elizabeth Cady Stanton

In the zinn it says that Lucy Stone lectured on womens rights on church grounds, where her brother was minister. It said that she was small in size but an excellent speaker. She married Henry Blackwell. She refused to give up her name after marriage. She was not mentioned in the book. Lucretia Mott and Elizabeth Stanton met around the late 1820s. They laid plans that eventually led to the first Womens Rights Conventions. In the book it mentions there plan to argue their points that women should have the right to vote and that married women should control their own earnings and money.

o. Sojourner Truth

In the zinn it says that at a Seneca Falls convention she joined in the arguments even though she was a black woman. In the book it recounted one of her conventions.

p. Sarah and Angelina Grimke

In the zinn it says that Angelina was a southern white woman who was a fierce speaker and organizer against slavery. She was the first woman to address a committee of MA legislature with petitions against slavery. Sarah was her sister and was a writer. She wrote about her views on important issues. The book says that they were Quaker and they were from Philadelphia.

q. Seneca Falls

In the zinn it says that Seneca Falls is the place where many womens conventions took place. In the book where many women wanted to have their gatherings to talk about the issues they were facing.

Date: Nov 5, 2007

grades updated 11/4